Overview

PharmaCyte Biotech, Inc. (“Company”) is a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on developing and preparing to commercialize treatments for cancer and diabetes based upon a proprietary cellulose-based live cell encapsulation technology known as “Cell-in-a-Box^®.” The Cell-in-a-Box^® technology will be used as a platform upon which treatments for several types of cancer, including advanced, inoperable pancreatic cancer, and diabetes will be developed.

The Company is developing therapies for pancreatic and other solid cancerous tumors involving the encapsulation of live cells placed in the body to enable the delivery of cancer-killing drugs at the source of the cancer. In addition, the Company is developing a therapy for Type 1 diabetes and insulin-dependent Type 2 diabetes based upon the encapsulation of a human cell line genetically engineered to produce, store and secrete insulin at levels in proportion to the levels of blood sugar in the human body using the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology. The Company is also examining ways to exploit the benefits of the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology to develop therapies for cancer based upon the constituents of the Cannabis plant, known as “cannabinoids.”

Cancer Therapy

Targeted Chemotherapy

The Company is using the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology to develop a therapy for solid cancerous tumors through targeted chemotherapy. For example, for pancreatic cancer the Company is encapsulating genetically engineered live human cells that produce an enzyme designed to convert the prodrug ifosfamide into its cancer-killing form. The capsules containing these cells will be implanted in a patient in the blood supply as near as possible to the tumor. The cancer prodrug ifosfamide will then be given intravenously at one-third the normal dose. In this way, the ifosfamide will be converted at the site of the tumor instead of in the liver where it is normally converted. The Company believes placement of the Cell-in-a-Box^® capsules near the tumor enables the production of optimal concentrations of the “cancer-killing” form of ifosfamide at the site of the tumor. The cancer-killing metabolite of ifosfamide has a short half-life, which the Company believes will result in little to no collateral damage to other organs in the body. In an earlier Phase 1/2 clinical trial which used ifosfamide at one-third the normal dose with the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology, this targeted chemotherapy not only reduced the tumor size but also generally resulted in no obvious adverse side effects attributed to this therapy.

Pancreatic Cancer Therapy

The Company is developing a therapy for pancreatic cancer to address a critical unmet medical need. This need exists for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer whose tumors are locally advanced, non-metastatic and inoperable but no longer respond to Abraxane^® plus gemcitabine, the current standard of care for advanced pancreatic cancer. These patients have no effective treatment alternative once their tumors no longer respond to this combination therapy.

Although several therapies have been tried in this situation, the most commonly used is believed to be the combination of the cancer chemotherapy drug capecitabine plus radiation (“CRT”). However, the results of a Phase 3 clinical trial were recently reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association. This clinical trial addressed whether CRT is more effective than chemotherapy alone. In patients with locally advanced, inoperable pancreatic cancer whose tumors no longer responded to gemcitabine or gemcitabine plus erlotinib (standard initial therapies at the time the clinical trial was conducted) patients were treated with the same chemotherapy or with CRT. In both cases CRT was not meaningfully more effective than chemotherapy alone.

Subject to United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval, the Company plans to commence a Phase 2b clinical trial. A Pre-Investigational New Drug (“Pre-IND”) meeting with the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (“CBER”) of the FDA has been granted by the FDA, although no assurance can be given as to when the meeting will be held or whether the FDA will approve the Company’s Investigational New Drug Application (“IND”). The trial is designed to show that the Company’s Cell-in-a-Box^® plus low-dose ifosfamide therapy can serve as an effective and safe consolidation chemotherapy for patients whose tumors no longer respond after four to six months of therapy with Abraxane^® plus gemcitabine. The trial will take place in the United States (“U.S”) with study sites in Europe. Translational Drug Development (“TD2”) will conduct the trial in the U.S. Clinical Network Services (“CNS”) will conduct the trial in Europe in alliance with TD2. TD2 will be responsible for clinical development plans, program analysis, medical writing, clinical management and database development.

Malignant Ascites Fluid Therapy

The Company is also developing a therapy to delay the production and accumulation of malignant ascites fluid that results from all abdominal tumors. Malignant ascites fluid is secreted by abdominal tumors into the abdomen after the tumor reaches a certain stage of growth. This fluid contains cancer cells that can seed and form new tumors throughout the abdomen. This fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity, causing swelling of the abdomen, severe breathing difficulties and extreme pain.

Malignant ascites fluid must be surgically removed on a periodic basis. This is painful and costly. There is no therapy that prevents or delays the production and accumulation of malignant ascites fluid. The Company has been involved in a series of preclinical studies at TD2 to determine if the combination of Cell-in-a-Box^® encapsulated cells plus ifosfamide can delay the production and accumulation of malignant ascites fluid. If successful, the Company plans to conduct a clinical trial in the U.S. with additional study sites in Europe. TD2 will conduct the trial in the U.S., and CNS will conduct the trial in Europe in alliance with TD2. The Company plans to start a clinical trial in 2017 if the results of its preclinical studies support the trial and the Company receive FDA approval to do so.

Diabetes Therapy

Diabetes

Diabetes is caused by insufficient availability of, or resistance to, insulin. Insulin is produced by the islet cells of the pancreas. Its function is to assist in the transport of sugar (glucose) in the blood to the inside of most types of cells in the body where it is used as a source of energy for those cells. In Type 1 diabetes the islet cells of the pancreas (the body’s insulin-producing cells) have been destroyed - usually by an autoimmune reaction. Type 1 diabetics require daily insulin administration through injection or through the use of an insulin pump. In Type 2 diabetes the body does not use insulin properly. This means the body has become resistant to insulin. Type 2 diabetes can generally be controlled by diet and exercise in its early stages. As time goes by, it may be necessary to use antidiabetic drugs to control the disease. However, over time these too may lose their effectiveness. Thus, even Type 2 diabetics may become insulin-dependent.

Bio-Artificial Pancreas for Diabetes

The Company plans to develop a therapy for Type 1 diabetes and insulin-dependent Type 2 diabetes. The Company is developing a therapy that involves encapsulation of human liver cells that have been genetically engineered to produce, store insulin and release insulin on demand at levels in proportion to the levels of blood sugar (glucose) in the human body. The encapsulation will be done using the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology.

In October 2014, the Company obtained from the University of Technology Sydney (“UTS”) in Australia an exclusive, worldwide license (“Melligen Cell License Agreement”) to use insulin-producing genetically engineered human cells developed by UTS to treat Type 1 diabetes and insulin-dependent Type 2 diabetes. These cells, named “Melligen,” have already been tested in mice and shown to produce insulin in direct proportion to the amount of glucose in their surroundings. When Melligen cells were transplanted into immunosuppressed diabetic mice, the blood glucose levels of the mice became normal. In other words, the Melligen cells reversed the diabetic condition.

Austrianova Singapore Pte Ltd (“Austrianova”) has already successfully encapsulated live pig pancreatic islet insulin-producing cells using the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology and then implanted these encapsulated cells in diabetic rats. Soon after the capsules were implanted, the rats’ blood glucose levels normalized and remained normal throughout the study period of approximately six months. No immune system suppressing drugs were needed. Thus, the preclinical proof of principle for a bio-artificial pancreas has already been established using Cell-in-a-Box^® capsules containing pig pancreatic insulin-producing cells in a rat model of Type 1 diabetes.

In June 2013, the Company acquired from Austrianova an exclusive, worldwide license to use the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology for the development of a treatment for diabetes and the use of Austrianova’s Cell-in-a-Box^® trademark and its associated technology (“Diabetes Licensing Agreement”). The Company believes that encapsulating the Melligen cells using the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology has numerous advantages over encapsulation of cells with other materials, such as alginate. Since the capsules are composed largely of cellulose (a bio-inert material in the human body), the Cell-in-a-Box^® capsules are robust. This allows them to remain intact for long periods of time in the body, all the while protecting the cells inside them from immune system attack. Moreover, in prior studies, these capsules and the cells inside them have not caused any immune or inflammatory responses like those seen with alginate-encapsulated cells.

Cannabis Therapy

The Company plans to use Cannabis to develop therapies for two of the deadliest forms of cancer – brain and pancreatic. We also plan to focus initially on developing specific therapies based on carefully chosen molecules rather than using complex Cannabis extracts. Targeted cannabinoid-based chemotherapy utilizing our Cell-in-a-Box^® technology offers a “green” approach to treating solid-tumor malignancies.

It is believed that the constituents of the Cannabis plant (cannabinoids) inhibit or prevent the growth and spread of tumors or malignant cells. The chemical and biochemical processes involved in the interaction of cannabinoids with live cell encapsulation provides the opportunity to develop “green” approaches to treating cancers, such as pancreatic, brain, breast and prostate, among others. The Company believes that it is in a unique position among medical Cannabis pharmaceutical companies to develop cannabinoid-based therapies utilizing the Cell-in-a-Box^® live cell encapsulation technology as the platform.

In May 2014, the Company entered into a Research Agreement with the State of Colorado, acting on behalf of the Board of Trustees of the University of Northern Colorado. The goal of the ongoing research is to develop methods for the identification, separation and quantification of constitutes of Cannabis (some of which are prodrugs) that may be used in combination with the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology to treat cancer. Initial studies have been undertaken using cannabinoid-like model compounds to identify the appropriate cell type that can convert the selected cannabinoid prodrugs into metabolites with anticancer activity. Once identified, the genetically modified cells that will produce the appropriate enzyme to convert that prodrug will be encapsulated using the Company’s Cell-in-a-Box^® technology. The encapsulated cells and cannabinoid prodrugs identified by these studies will then be combined and used for future studies to evaluate their anticancer effectiveness.

Company Background and Material Agreements

The Company is a Nevada corporation incorporated in 1996. In 2013, it restructured its operations in an effort to focus on biotechnology. The restructuring resulted in the Company focusing all of its efforts upon the development of a novel, effective and safe way to treat cancer and diabetes. On January 6, 2015, the Company changed its name from Nuvilex, Inc. to PharmaCyte Biotech, Inc. to better reflect the nature of its business.

In 2011, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (“SG Austria APA”) with SG Austria Pte. Ltd. (“SG Austria”) to purchase 100% of the assets and liabilities of SG Austria. As a result, Austrianova and Bio Blue Bird AG ("Bio Blue Bird"), then wholly-owned subsidiaries of SG Austria, were to become wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company on the condition that the Company pay SG Austria $2.5 million and 100,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company was to receive 100,000 shares of common stock of Austrianova and nine bearer shares of Bio Blue Bird representing 100% of the ownership of Bio Blue Bird.

Through two addenda to the SG Austria APA, the closing date of the SG Austria APA was extended twice by agreement between the parties.

In June 2013, the Company and SG Austria entered into a Third Addendum to the SG Austria APA (“Third Addendum”). The Third Addendum changed materially the transaction contemplated by the SG Austria APA. Under the Third Addendum, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interests in Bio Blue Bird and received a 14.5% equity interest in SG Austria. In addition, the Company received nine bearer shares of Bio Blue Bird to reflect its 100% ownership of Bio Blue Bird. The Company paid: (i) $500,000 to retire all outstanding debt of Bio Blue Bird; and (ii) $1.0 million to SG Austria. The Company also paid SG Austria $1,572,193 in exchange for the 14.5% equity interest of SG Austria. The Third Addendum required SG Austria to return the 100,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock held by SG Austria and for the Company to return the 100,000 shares of common stock of Austrianova the Company held.

Effective as of the same date of the Third Addendum, the parties entered into a Clarification Agreement to the Third Addendum (“Clarification Agreement”) to clarify and include certain language that was inadvertently left out of the Third Addendum. Among other things, the Clarification Agreement confirmed that the Third Addendum granted the Company an exclusive, worldwide license to use, with a right to sublicense, the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology for the development of treatments for cancer and use of Austrianova’s Cell-in-a-Box^® trademark and its associated technology.

Bio Blue Bird licensed certain types of genetically modified human cells (“Cells”) from Bavarian Nordic A/S (“Bavarian Nordic”) and GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt u. Gesundheit GmbH (collectively, “Bavarian Nordic/GSF”) pursuant to a License Agreement (“Bavarian Nordic/GSF License Agreement”) to develop a therapy for cancer using encapsulated Cells. The licensed rights to the Cells pertain to the countries in which Bavarian Nordic/GSF obtained patent protection. Hence, facilitated by the acquisition of Bio Blue Bird, the Third Addendum and the Clarification Agreement provide the Company with an exclusive, worldwide license to use the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology and trademark for the development of a therapy for cancer using the Cells.

In June 2013, the Company entered into the Diabetes Licensing Agreement. The Company paid Austrianova $2.0 million to secure this license.

In October 2014, the Company entered into the Melligen Cell License Agreement (defined below). The Company is in the process of developing a therapy for diabetes by encapsulating the Melligen cells using the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology.

In December 2014, the Company acquired from Austrianova an exclusive, worldwide license to use the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology in combination with genetically modified non-stem cell lines which are designed to activate cannabinoid prodrug molecules for development of treatments for diseases and their related symptoms and the use of the Cell-in-a-Box^® trademark for this technology (“Cannabis Licensing Agreement”).

In July 2016, the Company entered into a Binding Memorandum of Understanding with Austrianova (“Austrianova MOU”). Pursuant to the Austrianova MOU, Austrianova will actively work to seek an investment partner or partners who will finance clinical trials and further develop products for the therapies for cancer, in exchange for which we, Austrianova and any future investment partner or partners will each receive a share of the net revenue of applicable products in designated territories.

Effective October 1, 2016, the parties amended the Bavarian Nordic/GSF License Agreement to include the right to import, reflect ownership and notification of improvements, clarify which provisions survive expiration or termination of the Bavarian Nordic/GSF License Agreement, to provide rights to Bio Blue Bird to the clinical data after expiration of the licensed patent rights and to change the notice address and recipients of Bio Blue Bird.